Ford Motor significantly increased its commitment to electric cars and trucks on Monday by announcing that it would spend billions of dollars to build three battery factories and an electric truck plant in the United States, creating 11,000 jobs over the next four years.<\/p>\n
The company described the investment, which it said would enable it to produce more than one million electric vehicles a year in the second half of this decade, as the single largest in its 118-year history. All told, Ford and a South Korean supplier will spend $11.4 billion on the project.<\/p>\n
The announcement is the latest multibillion-dollar move by an automaker to quickly move to electric vehicles and phase out gasoline-powered cars and trucks as part of the global effort to combat climate change. Transportation, chiefly cars and trucks, is responsible for about 30 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, more than the power sector.<\/p>\n
President Biden is pressing Congress and other countries to enact policies that would quickly move the world away from fossil fuels, and Ford\u2019s announcement could influence negotiations in Washington over Mr. Biden\u2019s climate and energy agenda. It could also become a talking point at a United Nations climate change conference that Mr. Biden and other world leaders will attend in Glasgow in November.<\/p>\n
\u201cI think the industry is on a fast road to electrification,\u201d Ford\u2019s executive chairman, William C. Ford Jr., said in an interview. \u201cAnd those who aren\u2019t are going to be left behind.\u201d<\/p>\n
Environmentalists have long criticized automakers for not responding forcefully enough to climate change and for selling large, gasoline-guzzling trucks and sport utility vehicles. But the industry has made a hard pivot to electric vehicles in recent months because of growing environmental concern \u2014 and because of the competitive threat posed by Tesla, the dominant maker of electric cars.<\/p>\n
Established automakers like Ford and General Motors are racing to catch up to Tesla, which is on track to sell more than 800,000 electric cars this year. Tesla has become the most valuable automaker in the world by far, with a market capitalization of nearly $800 billion. Ford\u2019s market value is $56 billion.<\/p>\n
Ford said it would build two battery plants in Kentucky and one in Tennessee, all in a joint venture with its main battery cell supplier, SK Innovation of South Korea. In addition, the company will build an assembly plant at the Tennessee location to churn out electric pickup trucks. Ford will invest $7 billion and SK Innovation $4.4 billion, the companies said.<\/p>\n
At least some of the new jobs, assembling electric trucks, are likely to be unionized. That would be a win for Mr. Biden, who has argued that the transition to electric cars and renewable energy can create millions of well-paying union jobs. But it is not clear how successful unions will be at organizing workers at the three battery factories jointly owned by Ford and SK Innovation.<\/p>\n
The top wage for a Ford assembly line worker represented by the United Auto Workers is $32 an hour under a contract the company and union reached in 2019. Unionized workers at parts factories typically make less than those assembling cars.<\/p>\n
Other big automakers are also pouring billions into battery and electric car plants. G.M., which said this year that it aimed to end production of internal-combustion vehicles by 2035, plans to build four battery plants in the United States over the next few years. Ford expects electric models to make up 40 percent of its production by 2030.<\/p>\n
Even companies that have resisted electric cars have been changing their tune. Toyota Motor, in a sudden shift in strategy, said this month that it planned to spend billions of dollars over the next decade to build battery factories and hoped to sell two million electric cars a year by the end of the decade. Previously, Toyota planned to focus on making hybrid cars and trucks and expressed doubts that fully electric vehicles would take off.<\/p>\n
Several other automakers, including Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Hyundai and Stellantis, which was formed by the merger of Fiat Chrysler and France\u2019s Peugeot, are also investing billions of dollars to produce electric vehicles.<\/p>\n
\u201cAll these companies are building battery plants because you have to have your own production if you\u2019re going to make E.V.s in high volume,\u201d said Mike Ramsey, a Gartner analyst. \u201cThe fact they are spending billions of dollars means they\u2019re saying: \u2018There\u2019s no turning back. We\u2019re really going to do this.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n
But Mr. Ramsey said it was not clear how quickly consumers would embrace electric vehicles, which are still more expensive than conventional cars and trucks even after federal and state incentives. Charging stations will also have to expand significantly as more electric models hit the road.<\/p>\n
\u201cThere\u2019s grounds to have real concerns about where demand will actually be,\u201d Mr. Ramsey said.<\/p>\n
Ford\u2019s new truck plant and battery factory in Tennessee will be in Stanton, about 50 miles northeast of Memphis. To be called Blue Oval City, the campus will cover six square miles, or about twice the size of the Ford Rouge plant that Henry Ford built in the Detroit area a century ago. The Tennessee campus is expected to employ 6,000 people and will house suppliers and a battery recycling operation as well as the truck and battery factories. Ford and SK Innovation will invest $5.6 billion at the site.<\/p>\n
The truck plant is supposed to produce a new battery-powered F-series pickup truck, following the previously announced F-150 Lightning, but Ford declined to disclose details about it.<\/p>\n
The two plants in Kentucky will be in Glendale, about 50 miles south of Louisville, and are expected to create 5,000 jobs, at a cost of $5.8 billion. The batteries made there will be used at North American plants that will produce Ford and Lincoln electric vehicles. Ford already employs about 13,000 people at two truck and S.U.V. plants in the Louisville area.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe have enormous demand for our electric vehicles now, and this is going to help us accelerate,\u201d Ford\u2019s chief executive, Jim Farley, said in an interview. \u201cThis is going to give us a million units of supply just for Ford.\u201d<\/p>\n
This year, Ford began selling an electric S.U.V., the Mustang Mach E, which has taken market share from Tesla. The company plans to add an electric delivery van by the end of the year and the electric F-150 Lightning next spring.<\/p>\n
The company said people and businesses had placed 150,000 reservations for the F-150 Lightning. The strong interest persuaded Ford to invest an additional $250 million in the Dearborn, Mich., plant where the Lightning will be made, increasing potential production and adding 450 jobs.<\/p>\n
The U.A.W. is hoping to represent the production workers at the four new plants. But it will have to win approval from employees to do so because \u201cright to work\u201d laws in Tennessee and Kentucky bar union membership as a condition of employment.<\/p>\n
While the union represents tens of thousands of workers assembling cars and making major parts for Ford, G.M. and Stellantis, it has struggled to organize workers at the factories of foreign automakers and their suppliers. Many of those plants are in the South, where workers and conservative politicians view unions more skeptically.<\/p>\n
\u201cObviously, they\u2019ll have to hold an election, and it\u2019s up to the workers, but Ford Motor Company has had a tremendous partnership with the U.A.W., and I wouldn\u2019t want to change that,\u201d Mr. Ford said.<\/p>\n
The U.A.W.\u2019s president, Ray Curry, is scheduled to attend the official announcements on Tuesday with Ford executives and the governors of Kentucky and Tennessee.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe look forward to reaching out and helping develop the new work force to build these world-class vehicles and battery components,\u201d Mr. Curry said in a statement.<\/p>\n
Ford\u2019s E.V. ambitions have been complicated this year by the shortage of computer chips that has disrupted production for automakers around the globe. Mr. Farley said that Ford\u2019s supply of computer chips was improving and that the number of vehicles it produced in the third quarter of the year would be \u201cmarkedly up\u201d from the second quarter.<\/p>\n
\u201cOur battery electric vehicles, the demand for them and the reaction to them has been incredible,\u201d he said. \u201cAnd we have to break a lot of constraints. We have a lot of work to do.\u201d<\/p>\n