The digital-asset market is coming off of a turbulent year featuring a number of high-profile blow-ups. Now, three shutdowns in the banking industry \u2014 SVB Financial Group\u2019s Silicon Valley Bank, Silvergate Capital and Signature Bank \u2014 have set off a fresh set of stresses.<\/p>\n
SVB\u2019s failure triggered a knock-on effect in the crucial market for stablecoins after digital-asset giant Circle Internet Financial, one of the biggest issuers of the widely used tokens known for their perceived safety, revealed it had $US3.3 billion ($5 billion) of reserves with the bank. The news caused Circle\u2019s token, USD coin, to slip below its intended 1-for-1 peg with the dollar, sending a shock through the market.<\/p>\n
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A branch of the now closed Signature Bank in New York.<\/span>Credit:<\/span>AP<\/cite><\/p>\n On Sunday, regulators in New York closed Signature Bank. As of March 8, the bank still held $US16.5 billion in crypto-related deposits. \u201cAll depositors of this institution will be made whole,\u201d the regulators said.<\/p>\n Against this backdrop, it is still the shutdown of crypto-friendly bank Silvergate \u2014 and the shuttering of its electronic payments platform, the Silvergate Exchange Network \u2014 that is most weighing on the market.<\/p>\n For years in the early evolution of crypto, over-the-counter trading desks, hedge funds and other investors that wanted to dabble in crypto had to go through costly, lengthy and clunky contortions just to move funds between digital assets and banks, because the two types of infrastructure weren\u2019t connected. If an investor wanted to wire money from their bank account to an exchange, it could take days via traditional banking channels \u2014 often too late to ride the latest market move. Moving funds between exchanges quickly or on weekends wasn\u2019t possible, as banks were closed while crypto trades 24\/7.<\/p>\n The game-changer came in 2017 when Silvergate established the Silvergate Exchange Network, known as SEN. The platform allowed users including hedge funds and crypto firms such as Coinbase Global to transfer funds seamlessly and nearly instantaneously, at any time of any day. That let trading firms get in and out of the volatile crypto market faster, cheaper \u2014 SEN\u2019s use was free \u2014 and with less risk.<\/p>\n The network\u2019s presence helped fuel the institutional adoption boom that made the most recent crypto bull market possible. Its shutdown threatens to stifle growth, albeit perhaps temporarily, while new alternatives ramp up.<\/p>\n \u201cIt leaves legitimate crypto businesses exposed to a number of risks, like the ability to settle trades with counterparties, pay staff and bills, accept invoice payments,\u201d Oliver von Landsberg-Sadie, co-founder of BCB Group, whose payment network is hoping to pick up SEN\u2019s customers, said. \u201cA business with no bank account is quickly rendered inoperable, and crypto companies are especially vulnerable to this risk.\u201d<\/p>\n Last year alone, SEN handled $563.3 billion of US dollar transfers, down from $US787.4 billion during the bull period of 2021 but still impressive. The network had nearly 1700 customers at its peak in the third quarter of last year, per Silvergate filings.<\/p>\n Cryptocompanies have been searching for alternative banking and payment services.<\/span>Credit:<\/span>Getty<\/cite><\/p>\n Already, SEN\u2019s absence is taking a toll, making trading tougher. Liquidity, or ease of trade, for bitcoin-to-dollar and bitcoin-to-tether transactions on some US exchanges has dipped between 35 per cent and 45 per cent from the beginning of March to Saturday, according to research firm Kaiko. Meanwhile, crypto companies have been scouring for alternative banking and payment services.<\/p>\n \u201cI wake up, in my inbox, the first messages I see are from organisations that are looking for alternatives,\u201d said Daryn Barney, founder of Role Fintech Partners, a company that helps crypto firms connect with banks.<\/p>\n Options as robust as SEN are far and few between. Signature ran SEN\u2019s main US competitor, Signet, which let companies exchange payments in real time. Signature had said earlier in the year it was pulling back on deposits related to crypto companies.<\/p>\n Under regulatory pressure, other banks are capping their deposits related to crypto companies at 10 per cent to 15 per cent, and may charge fees for having to deal with increased regulatory scrutiny. Without SEN, costs of fiat conversions could increase 20 per cent to 40 per cent, said Richard Crone, CEO of payment consultant Crone Consulting.<\/p>\n Some alternatives are emerging. Crypto trust companies, already holding customer digital assets and enjoying relationships with banks, are mulling entering the fray, and providing SEN-like functionality. BCB Group, which operates Blinc, a SEN-like payment network for crypto companies that\u2019s popular in Europe, is hoping to launch with three or four banks in the US soon, von Landsberg-Sadie said.<\/p>\n \u2018A business with no bank account is quickly rendered inoperable, and crypto companies are especially vulnerable to this risk.\u2019<\/p>\n In the past week, BCB has received more than 60 inquiries and is onboarding new customers, according to von Landsberg-Sadie. Next week, it plans to roll out dollar payment functionality to its first half a dozen clients, he said.<\/p>\n While some of these alternative networks may rely on a diverse slate of banks for support, some of these alternative networks may not have as many clients as SEN, and smaller exchanges and over-the-counter desks may \u201cstruggle to compete without access to the same liquidity and resources as they had before\u201d, Crone said.<\/p>\n Before USD coin\u2019s depeg, some argued that the shutdown of SEN might push institutions to more aggressively use stablecoins. Once dollars are converted into stablecoins, users can use them for payments on exchanges or on blockchains. Stablecoins carry their own risks, though. As USD coin\u2019s travails showed, they still connect to the traditional banking system, and can be affected by its failures. And regulators are circling.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s less secure, you are trusting these stablecoin issuers, this opaque operation tether,\u201d Conor Ryder, an analyst at Kaiko, said. \u201cIf you have every crypto firm in the US doing this \u2014 that puts more pressure on regulators.\u201d New York and federal authorities have already gone after a Binance-branded stablecoin issued by Paxos Trust and known as BUSD, saying it was an unregistered security. Tethers are issued by a private overseas firm that had settled with the New York Attorney General and been fined by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.<\/p>\n Not only could further regulatory scrutiny of stablecoins \u2014 likely to ramp up after the USD coin\u2019s troubles \u2014 restrict their usage, it may also lead digital-asset users to revert to using slow, more expensive blockchain networks for over-the-counter token-swaps between parties. During busy times for the ethereum blockchain, for instance, people sometimes spent more money on transaction fees than on the non-fungible tokens they were buying.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s a little bit more complex, you have to be more operationally solid,\u201d Cory Klippsten, CEO of automated bitcoin savings plans provider Swan Bitcoin, said. \u201cIt creates a little bit more cost for everyone.\u201d<\/p>\n Bitcoin\u2019s value jumped the most in almost a month after US authorities sought to stem concern about the health of the nation\u2019s financial system.<\/p>\n The largest cryptocurrency gained as much as 5.3 per cent to $US21,582, the biggest increase since February 15, after US agencies pledged to fully protect all depositors\u2019 money following SVB\u2019s collapse while giving any banks squeezed for cash easier terms on short-term loans.<\/p>\n \u201cThe Federal Reserve\u2019s rescue plan has bolstered market confidence and allayed concerns about the potential collapse of additional players, particularly given that Signature is a major bank within the crypto industry,\u201d said Rachel Lin, co-founder of SynFutures, a decentralised derivatives trading platform.<\/p>\n Other altcoins posted larger gains, with cardano gaining about 6.1 per cent, litecoin increasing 7.4 per cent, Tron jumping 12 per cent and avalanche 6.7 per cent. USD coin was trading at around 99 cents.<\/p>\n Bitcoin had posted its worst week since November as an equity sell-off, jitters in the banking sector and an escalating US regulatory crackdown on crypto combine to hurt investor sentiment.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n