WASHINGTON — The day before Democrats’ self-imposed deadline for completing committee work on their vast social policy bill, tensions were rising in their ranks on Tuesday over how to structure and finance it.
Disagreements over whether to tax the vast fortunes of tycoons like Jeff Bezos and how to control prescription drug prices have emerged as flash points as Democrats try to coalesce around what could be the most significant expansion of the social safety net in a half century.
Democratic leaders insisted that they were on track to complete their work this fall and reach agreement. But liberal lawmakers were agitating for larger tax increases on the ultrarich in the package, while three moderate Democrats in the House threatened to derail efforts to advance their leaders’ plans for prescription drug price controls.
Hanging over the disputes is a growing competition for resources. Fitting all of the party’s priorities into the original, fully financed 10-year, $3.5 trillion price tag was always going to be fraught. But key lawmakers are now demanding a lower spending total and objecting to tapping some sources of revenue, making compromise more difficult.
“There are a number of contending issues,” said Senator Bernie Sanders, independent of Vermont and the chairman of the Budget Committee. “How aggressive are you in raising money for the pharmaceutical industry through Medicare negotiations? When you raise money, how aggressive are you in expending Medicare to cover dental, hearing aids and eye glasses?”
Understand the Infrastructure Bill
- One trillion dollar package passed. The Senate passed a sweeping bipartisan infrastructure package on Aug. 10, capping weeks of intense negotiations and debate over the largest federal investment in the nation’s aging public works system in more than a decade.
- The final vote. The final tally in the Senate was 69 in favor to 30 against. The legislation, which still must pass the House, would touch nearly every facet of the American economy and fortify the nation’s response to the warming of the planet.
- Main areas of spending. Overall, the bipartisan plan focuses spending on transportation, utilities and pollution cleanup.
- Transportation. About $110 billion would go to roads, bridges and other transportation projects; $25 billion for airports; and $66 billion for railways, giving Amtrak the most funding it has received since it was founded in 1971.
- Utilities. Senators have also included $65 billion meant to connect hard-to-reach rural communities to high-speed internet and help sign up low-income city dwellers who cannot afford it, and $8 billion for Western water infrastructure.
- Pollution cleanup: Roughly $21 billion would go to cleaning up abandoned wells and mines, and Superfund sites.
“You’ve got to balance all of those,” he added.
The disputes are particularly troublesome because Democrats, facing a wall of Republican opposition, are pushing through their plan under a special budget process known as reconciliation, which shields it from a filibuster and can pass with a simple majority vote. But their slim margins in both chambers will require almost total party unity to do so; in the 50-50 Senate, they cannot afford even one defection, and in the House, they can spare as few as three votes.
The endeavor is a huge undertaking, riddled with political and procedural challenges. Senate Democrats spent their lunch hour on Tuesday reviewing a PowerPoint presentation that lasted at least 35 minutes and detailed the work that had been completed and the issues that remained outstanding.
“We had a robust, wide-ranging and really constructive discussion in our caucus today about what lies ahead,” said Senator Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York and the majority leader, at his weekly news conference.
Among the issues to be resolved was one that flared in the House on Tuesday when two moderate Democrats, Representatives Scott Peters of California and Kurt Schrader of Oregon, came out against the Democratic leadership’s drug pricing plan and proposed a less aggressive alternative that would most likely produce considerably less savings for the government. Another Democrat and a co-sponsor of that alternative, Representative Kathleen Rice of New York, also said she would vote against the leaders’ plan, which would allow Medicare to negotiate prices for the government and tie acceptable drug prices to those paid in other countries.
The powerful pharmaceutical lobby has swung into action to kill the measure, which was supposed to produce at least $500 billion in savings to pay for a substantial part of the bill. If all three Democrats joined Republicans in opposing it, they could block the legislation from advancing out of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, depriving Democrats of a substantial chunk of the revenue they need to pay for their more ambitious plans to expand health care provisions and benefits.
“I’m open to a lot of the revenue increases that the president has proposed, but I don’t think that it’s appropriate to put the future of American innovation at risk to pay for these other things,” Mr. Peters said in an interview.
“I’m swallowing my whistle on a lot of these issues where I have concerns,” he added. “This is the one issue that I have raised all along, that I can’t support.”
Another issue is the decision by senior Democrats on the House Ways and Means Committee to focus their $2.1 trillion package of tax increases on income taxes, rather than levies on the billions of dollars in assets owned by the richest Americans, which grow each year and are not taxed if they are not sold.
Biden’s 2022 Budget
The 2022 fiscal year for the federal government begins on October 1, and President Biden has revealed what he’d like to spend, starting then. But any spending requires approval from both chambers of Congress. Here’s what the plan includes:
- Ambitious total spending: President Biden would like the federal government to spend $6 trillion in the 2022 fiscal year, and for total spending to rise to $8.2 trillion by 2031. That would take the United States to its highest sustained levels of federal spending since World War II, while running deficits above $1.3 trillion through the next decade.
- Infrastructure plan: The budget outlines the president’s desired first year of investment in his American Jobs Plan, which seeks to fund improvements to roads, bridges, public transit and more with a total of $2.3 trillion over eight years.
- Families plan: The budget also addresses the other major spending proposal Biden has already rolled out, his American Families Plan, aimed at bolstering the United States’ social safety net by expanding access to education, reducing the cost of child care and supporting women in the work force.
- Mandatory programs: As usual, mandatory spending on programs like Social Security, Medicaid and Medicare make up a significant portion of the proposed budget. They are growing as America’s population ages.
- Discretionary spending: Funding for the individual budgets of the agencies and programs under the executive branch would reach around $1.5 trillion in 2022, a 16 percent increase from the previous budget.
- How Biden would pay for it: The president would largely fund his agenda by raising taxes on corporations and high earners, which would begin to shrink budget deficits in the 2030s. Administration officials have said tax increases would fully offset the jobs and families plans over the course of 15 years, which the budget request backs up. In the meantime, the budget deficit would remain above $1.3 trillion each year.
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